Wstęp

Barbara Kwiecień Wybory prezydenckie w Stanach Zjednoczonych oprócz światowego kryzysu na rynkach finansowych, są niewątpliwie przedmiotem wielu doniesień w naszych mediach, a w samych Stanach Zjednoczonych przedmiotem żarliwych debat i dyskusji. Mało jednak kto, skupia się na rzeczywistych różnicach poglądów pomiędzy kandydatami na Prezydenta USA.

Dzisiaj, na finiszu kampanii prezydenckiej, wielu naszych klientów, dziennikarzy i znajomych szuka informacji dotyczących przyszłych zmian w Białym Domu oraz wskazówek jak te zmiany mogą wpłynąć na ich interesy/ branże.

Dzięki naszym kolegom w biurze w Waszyngtonie, możemy przesłac Panstwu dokładną analizę kluczowych problemów pojawiających się w kampanii i zarysować ich wpływ na przyszłą amerykańską administrację rzadową.

Serdecznie zapraszam do lektury

Barbara Kwiecień
GM Edelman Polska

On the issues: McCain v. Obama

Where they stand and who they listen to on issues impacting your industry

Issue	McCain Position	Obama Position
Healthcare: Federal Programs (existing)	“I strongly opposed adding another unfunded entitlement to the fiscal train wreck that is Medicare ...” - McCain Voted against SCHIP reauthorization, citing concerns over whether or not tobacco tax could fund In public programs (e.g., Medicare), change the way providers are paid to focus their attention more on chronic disease and managing treatment Revamp Medicare payment systems to pay providers for prevention and care coordination without paying them for preventable medical errors or mismanagement;	“The drug and insurance industries spent $1 billion over the last decade on lobbying and campaign contributions, and so when the Medicare prescription drug bill came up a few years back, they found more than enough friends in Washington who were willing to do their bidding.” – Obama Supports SCHIP expansion Require plans that participate in the FEHBP, Medicare, or Obama’s new public plan to use evidence-based, disease-management programs Reduce “excessive subsidies” to Medicare Advantage plans and pay them what it would cost to treat the same patients under traditional Medicare Keep Medicare in tact, but allow federal government to negotiate directly with manufacturers for lower drug prices Increase use of generic drugs in Medicare, Medicaid and FEHBP Close the “doughnut hole” in the Medicare Part D prescription drug program
Healthcare: Quality Improvement	“We should promote the rapid deployment of 21st century information systems and technology that allows doctors to practice across state lines.” – McCain Calls for making public information on doctor records, and require transparency regarding medical outcomes, quality of care, costs and prices Establish national standards for measuring and recording treatments and outcomes and use technology to share information on “best practices” Promote deployment of HIT to improve chronic disease care and to allow doctors to practice across state lines Employ telemedicine and clinics in rural and underserved areas “where cost effective”	“We need a health care system instead of a disease care system.” – Obama Will require hospitals and providers to collect and publicly report measures of healthcare costs and quality, including data on preventable medical errors, nurse staffing ratios, hospital-acquired infections, and disparities in care Will require health plans to disclose the percentage of premiums that go to patient care as opposed to administrative costs Supports an independent institute to guide comparative effectiveness reviews and require reporting of preventable errors and other patient safety efforts Reward provider performance through the National Health Insurance Exchange and other public programs Push to address health disparities, promote preventive care and chronic disease management, and require quality and price transparency from providers and health plans
Healthcare: Cost Containment	“We should pay a single bill for high-quality disease care which will make every single provider accountable and responsive to the patients’ needs.” – McCain Adopt malpractice reforms that limit frivolous lawsuits and excessive damages and provide safe harbors for practice within clinical guidelines and safety protocols Promote competition among providers by paying them only for quality and promote use of alternative providers (e.g., nurse practitioners) and treatment settings (e.g., walk-in clinics in retail outlets) Require drug companies to reveal the price of their drugs, allow importation of drugs (if foreign facilities are FDA-inspected), and encourage faster introduction of generics and biologics Change provider payment to encourage coordinated care (e.g., pay a single bill for high-quality heart care rather than individual services)	“Whatever the mechanism, we’re going to have to have a pooling system so that individuals have the benefits of being part of a larger group.” – Obama Reform medical malpractice while preserving patient rights by strengthening antitrust laws and promoting new models for addressing physician errors Promote insurer competition through the National Health Insurance Exchange and by regulating the portion of health plan premiums that must be paid out in benefits Initiate policies to promote generic drugs, allow drug importation, and repeal the ban on direct price negotiation between Medicare and drug companies Require hospitals and providers to publicly report measures of health-care costs and quality Promotes the adoption of health information technology with privacy safeguards by investing $10 billion of federal funds every year over the next five years
Health Insurance	“We do not believe in coercion and the use of state power to mandate care, coverage, or costs.” – McCain Would give $2,500 to individuals and $5,000 to families to buy healthcare Coverage would not be mandatory for anyone Wants to create a state-level Guaranteed Access Plan (GAP) for low-income Americans Eliminate tax breaks for employers that provide health insurance	“I've proposed a plan to guarantee health care for anyone who wants it, make it affordable for anyone who needs it, and reduce health care costs for manufacturers so they’re more competitive.” – Obama Would create a national health insurance program – National Health Insurance Exchange – mandatory for kids Require employers to either offer a plan, help pay for employee costs or pay into a national healthcare network (i.e., taxes) Provides a refundable credit of up to 50 percent on premiums paid by “small businesses” on behalf of their employees
Tort Reform	“Every patient should have access to legal remedies in cases of bad medical practice but that should not be an invitation to endless, frivolous lawsuits.” – McCain Supports tort reform as a way to lower costs for doctors, thereby reigning in overall healthcare costs	Obama prefers to strengthen antitrust laws, over tort reform, to lower insurance costs for doctors Voted for Class Action Fairness Act, a bill designed to keep trial lawyers from shopping huge lawsuits from state to state until they find a sympathetic judge; however, voted with trial lawyers on several other tort reform bills
Tax Reform	“Sharply raising taxes on investment is a step in the wrong direction for the competitiveness of U.S. capital markets.” – McCain Keep the current rates on dividends and capital gains, and maintain the current income and investment tax rates Reduce the corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 25 percent Preserve current tax rate on hedge funds and private equity	“We’ve lost the balance between work and wealth. I will close the carried interest loophole, and adjust the top dividends and capital gains rate ...” – Obama "I think we've got to take a look and see where the economy is … numbers indicates that we're fragile. I want to accelerate those tax cuts through a second stimulus package, get more money into the pockets of ordinary Americans, see if we can stabilize the housing market, and then we're going to have to reevaluate at the beginning of the year to see what kind of hole we're in." – Obama, on whether or not he’d raise taxes right away for those earning $200,000+ Promises to cut taxes for 95 percent of workers and their families with a tax cut of $500 for workers or $1,000 for working couples Increase tax rate on hedge funds and private equity from 15 percent to 35 percent Impose windfall profits tax on oil and gas companies Make renewable production credit permanent Exempt all start-up companies from capital gains taxes Raise capital gains and dividend tax rates to at least 20 percent but under 28 percent for high-income investors
Trade	“If I am elected president, this country will honor its international agreements, including NAFTA, and we will expect the same of others. And in a time of uncertainty for American workers, we will not undo the gains of years in trade agreements now awaiting final approval.” – McCain Supports the free trade agreements negotiated with South Korea and Colombia Would not impose tariffs on Chinese imports if China does not allow the value of its currency to rise against the dollar	“Allowing subsidized and unfairly traded products to flood our markets is not free trade and it's not fair. We cannot let foreign regulatory policies exclude American products. We cannot let enforcement of existing trade agreements take a backseat to the negotiation of new ones.” – Obama Wants to amend NAFTA, unilaterally if necessary Supports eliminating tax breaks for companies that are moving overseas Opposes the Colombia Free Trade Agreement Calls for postponing consideration of the South Korea Free Trade Agreement Supports steep tariffs on imports from China if the Chinese keep their currency from rising
Labor Unions	"The fact is (Obama) supports [the Employee Free Choice Act], and I think that could be dangerous to the essence of democracy." – McCain Opposes Employee Free Choice Act Leave minimum wage at $7.25 an hour; opposed to tying future hikes to inflation rate	“So, what we have to do is figure out how can we strengthen unions …Number one, I think that we should pass the Employee Free Choice Act.” – Obama Supports leadership change at the Department of Labor, and the National Labor Relations Board Would raise the national minimum wage to $9.50 an hour and index it to inflation
Nuclear Energy	“If we want to arrest global warming, then nuclear energy is a powerful, powerful ally in that cause.” – McCain Nuclear part of “energy solution” Now supports subsidies for nuclear industry Advocates 45 plants built by 2030 Supports waste storage at Yucca Mountain facility	“I don't think there is anything we inevitably dislike about nuclear power. We just dislike the fact that it might blow up ... and irradiate us ... and kill us!” – Obama Stated in a presidential debate that “we should explore nuclear power as part of the energy mix” Thinks key issues must be addressed including: security of nuclear fuel and waste, waste storage, and proliferation Opposes waste storage at Yucca Mountain facility
Natural Gas	"From now on, we're going to make those civilian vehicles flex-fuel capable, plug-in hybrid, or cars fueled by clean natural gas." – McCain Supports expanded exploration of domestic natural gas Supports expanding transportation pipeline for natural gas, including the one in Alaska	"[We should work] with the Canadian government to finally build the Alaska natural gas pipeline, delivering clean natural gas and creating good jobs in the process."— Obama Ties natural gas to coal as “dirty energy” that should be subject to tax hikes Supports construction of the Alaska Natural Gas Pipeline Promotes development of domestic oil and natural gas, mostly in permitted areas – the Bakken Shale formation, the Barnett shale formation, and the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska
Coal & Other Hard Rock Energy Sources	“Those who want clean coal technology, more wind and solar, nuclear power, biomass and bio-fuels will have their opportunity through a new market that rewards those and other innovations in clean energy.” – McCain Supports spending $2 billion annually on clean coal until 2024 Climate plan includes increased reliance on clean coal	“It's time we get beyond this false either-or debate that says we must either drill more or stop using fossil fuels entirely…The only way to achieve energy security is to promote a balanced approach that addresses both production and efficiency.” – Obama Calles for tax hikes on “dirty” energy such as coal Waffled on supporting clean coal during Democratic primaries, but has generally supported the concept
Utilities	McCain Supports electric grid capacity improvements, including those to support mass-produced electric cars Opposes quotas for the percentage of electricity from renewable sources, preferring to let industry decide how to comply with a cap he'd impose on greenhouse gas emissions	Obama Supports modernizing power grid to help conservation and the development and distribution of clean energy Calls for a 25 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 25 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2025 Calls for at least 30 percent of the federal government’s electricity to come from renewable sources by 2020 Supports incentives that give utilities increased profits for improving energy efficiency
Environment	“As never before, the market would reward any person or company that seeks to invent, improve or acquire alternatives to carbon-based energy.” – McCain Supported legislation putting a penalty price on the use of fossil fuel in order to encourage clean energy Introduced the Climate Stewardship and Innovation Act of 2007 with Sen. Joseph Lieberman (I-CT) Now supports offshore drilling, but not ANWR Proposes a $300 million prize for an electric car battery that will make plug-in vehicles commercially viable Opposes government subsidies for ethanol production, supports lifting tariffs on foreign ethanol	“I will invest $150 billion over the next 10 years in alternative sources of energy like wind power and solar power and advanced biofuels.” – Obama Supported legislation putting a penalty price on the use of fossil fuel in order to encourage clean energy Would establish a National Low Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) Would create a Technology Transfer program within the Department of Energy dedicated to exporting climate-friendly technologies to developing countries Would develop domestic incentives that reward forest owners, farmers and ranchers when they plant trees, restore grasslands or undertake farming practices that capture carbon dioxide from the atmosphere Backs incentives and tax breaks for wind and solar power, as well as for biofuels, including corn-based ethanol Supports low-interest loans to auto makers to convert factories to build more fuel-efficient vehicles
Cap-and-Trade Policy	"A cap-and-trade policy will send a signal that will be heard and welcomed all across the American economy…and the highest rewards will go to those who make the smartest, safest, most responsible choices." – McCain Calls for economy-wide cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 66 percent by 2050 Will give away majority of pollution credits, let the market set the price to support investment	“Businesses don't own the sky, the public does, and if we want them to stop polluting it, we have to put a price on all pollution.” – Obama Calls for economy-wide cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050 Will require full auction of pollution credits; proceeds will go to investments in clean energy, rebates and other transition relief for families
Food & Agriculture	“I don’t support agricultural subsidies no matter where they are … The farm bill, $300 billion, is something America simply can’t afford.” – McCain Opposes farm bill and subsidies for ethanol Supports trade expansion through negotiations “to … stabilize an affordable food supply for all nations” Would cap subsidies to farmers who have adjusted gross income of $250,000 or more Supports an end to all agriculture tariffs Pledges to press Agriculture Department officials to research drought-resistant and higher-yield crops	“Look, I've been a strong ethanol supporter because Illinois ... is a major corn producer.” – Obama Favors the farm bill approved by Congress this year Backs a renewable fuels standard that encourages use of ethanol and other advanced biofuels; wants a goal of producing 2 billion gallons of advanced biofuels by 2013 Supports efforts to help organic farmers afford to certify their crops and reform crop insurance to not penalize organic farmers; also promotes regional food systems
Transportation	“The bridge in Minneapolis didn't collapse because there wasn't enough money … the bridge in Minneapolis collapsed because so much money was spent on wasteful, unnecessary pork-barrel projects.” – McCain Opposes federal subsidies for Amtrak Supported a summer 2008 gas tax holiday, which received criticism for taking away transit infrastructure funds Critic of infrastructure spending bill pet projects; vows to seek line-item authority to veto what he calls wasteful spending	“We'll also invest in our ports, roads and high-speed rails - because I don't want to see the fastest train in the world built halfway around the world in Shanghai, I want to see it built right here in the United States of America.” – Obama Calls for development of high-speed corridors – 500 miles or less – between major cities, expanded freight rail capacity, investment in mass transit and subsidies for Amtrak Supports a National Infrastructure Reinvestment Bank that would invest $60 billion over 10 years in highways, technology and other projects
Technology	“… *I’ve] never felt the particular need to e-mail.” – McCain Supports tax breaks and loans to bring high-speed Internet to small towns; against Universal Service Fund Against government regulation of the online space; prefers market regulation on openness issues Focus on supporting innovation and competition, rather than individual policies Supports immigration of skilled technology workers Suggested that cable television service could be offered on a channel-by-channel basis Supports an Internet tax moratorium Would make R&D tax credit permanent	“Let us be the generation that reshapes our economy to compete in the digital age … let's lay down broadband lines through the heart of inner cities and rural towns all across America.” – Obama Support national broadband by retooling Universal Service Fund to bring Internet to rural communities Supports “net neutrality” – not allow Internet service providers to charge fees to access content or applications of some Web sites and Internet applications over others Supports a temporary increase in the H-1B visa program “as a stopgap measure” Supports a public Web site to track federal grants, contracts, earmarks and lobbyist contacts with government officials Would appoint a “Chief Technology Officer” (CTO) to ensure that the government and all its agencies are up to speed Supports a national, interoperable wireless network (implemented by the CTO) for local, state and federal first responders Would make R&D tax credit permanent
Intellectual Property & Patents	“The government should step in if someone is blatantly abusing patents, [or] blatantly abusing intellectually property rights … but I think the worst thing that could happen to the United States of America is for us to go into protectionism." – McCain Calls for international copyright agreements to be maintained and updated	“Intellectual property is to the digital age what physical goods were to the industrial age.” – Obama Pledged to promote greater cooperation on international standards that allow U.S. technologies to compete everywhere
Education	“Public education should be defined as one in which our public support for a child’s education follows that child into the school the parent chooses.” – McCain Would target $500 million to build new virtual schools and support the development of online course offerings for students Supports teacher incentive programs: Will devote 5 percent of Title II funding to states to recruit teachers Will devote 60 percent of Title II funding for incentive bonuses for high performing teachers to relocate in the most challenging educational settings Supports charter schools, vouchers and home schooling Supports parent choice in public schools (i.e., allowing parents to pull their kids from underperforming schools and send them elsewhere)	“… We have the best university system in the world by a long shot. But if we’re starting to under-invest in our university system, or we’re making it harder for foreign students to come and study here, then we could lose that edge.” – Obama Proposes an annual $4,000 tuition credit that will cover two-thirds of the tuition of an average public college and make community college completely free in America Proposes investing $10 billion a year to increase the number of children eligible for Early Head Start Will create Early Learning Challenge Grants to promote state “zero to five” efforts and help states move toward voluntary, universal pre-school Will double funding for the main federal support for afterschool programs, the 21st Century Learning Centers program, to serve one million more children
Social Security & Retirement	“We need personal savings accounts, but we *have+ got to fix this system.” – McCain Supplement Social Security benefits with individual investment accounts Prefers slowing the growth in benefits to raising taxes	"If we kept the payroll tax rate exactly the same but applied it to all earnings and not just the first $97,000…we could eliminate the entire Social Security shortfall." – Obama Considering tax plans that would require those making more than $250,000 to pay in the range of 2 percent to 4 percent more in total (combined employer and employee), phased in over a 10-year period Opposes individual investment accounts,privatization Supports increases to the amount of unpaid wages and benefits workers can claim in bankruptcy court Limits circumstances under which retiree benefits can be reduced by employers Supports automatic workplace pensions; government will match half of an employee’s first $1,000 investment
Credit Crisis	“… I support taking the unfortunate but necessary steps needed to keep the financial troubles at these two companies [Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac] from further squeezing American families.” – McCain Wants to create a Justice Department task force on mortgage issue Supports housing bill and measures support Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; also wants them privatized completely	“We must establish stiff penalties to deter fraud and protect consumers against abusive lending practices.” – Obama Announced a “credit card bill of rights” to provide disclosure of hidden credit costs Would require lending professionals to report suspicious or fraudulent activity Would establish a public database of censured or debarred mortgage professionals Would create a standardized estimate of the total annualized cost of a mortgage loan to make it easier for borrowers to compare different loansSupports a role for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac; vague about what that is or whether the government should bail them out

Appendix 1: Staffing the White House

“And so I think the biggest difference in my management style and George Bush’s is that I want a robust discussion around the table with a lot of different viewpoints and a firm footing in the facts. I always want bad news first. Good news takes care of itself.” – Obama

“I'd like to specifically recall one administration – Eisenhower’s – which really installed the entire decision-making process in the White House as far as national security is concerned. Long years of understanding the importance, of not only bureaucracy but also of process, led to providing the President of the United States with the options to make the necessary decisions …” – McCain

Issue Area	McCain Advisors	Obama Advisors
Energy & Environment	Sara Hessenflow Harper, Clark Group James Woolsey, ex CIA director Robert McFarlane, Reagan Admin. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head	Jason Grumet, Bipartisan Policy Center Howard Learner, Enviro Law & Policy Ctr (Chicago) Frank Loy, fmr. Clinton, Carter & Johnson Admin.
Credit Crisis	Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head Carly Fiorina, former Hewlett-Packard CEO John Taylor, Stanford & fmr. Bush II Admin. Peter Wallison, AEI & fmr. Reagan Admin. Meg Whitman, fmr. eBay CEO	Jason Furman , Brookings Austan Goolsbee, U of Chicago Warren Buffett, investor Eric Schmidt, Google CEO Paul Volcker, fmr. Federal Reserve Chair Robert Rubin, Citigroup & fmr. Clinton Admin. Lawrence Summers, Harvard & fmr. Clinton Admin. William Donaldson, fmr. SEC Chair Laura D’Andrea Tyson, UC Berkeley & fmr. Clinton Admin.
Healthcare	Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head Tom Miller, AEI Dan Crippen, ex CBO head Regina Herzlinger, Harvard	David Cutler, Harvard & fmr. Clinton Admin. David Blumenthal, physician Stuart Altman, Brandeis University Dora Hughes, Commonwealth Fund
Education	Lisa Graham Keegan, fmr. AZ state legislator David Crane, fmr. Sen. Lott staff Phil Handy, ex FL Board of Education	Linda Darling-Hammond, Stanford Michael Johnston, New Leaders for New Schools (NYC) Christopher Edley, UC Berkeley Andrew Rotherham, fmr. Sen. Clinton staff
Trade	Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head Steve Forbes, former GOP pres. candidate	Austan Goolsbee, U of Chicago Daniel Tarullo, Georgetown & fmr. Clinton Admin.
Social Security	Kevin Hassett, AEI Carly Fiorina, former Hewlett-Packard CEO Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head	Jason Furman, Brookings Jeffrey Liebman, Harvard & Clinton Admin.
Food & Agriculture	Kevin Hassett, AEI James Woolsey, ex CIA director	Jason Grumet, Bipartisan Policy Center Jason Furman, Brookings
Tax Reform	Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head Kevin Hassett, AEI	Jason Furman, Brookings Austan Goolsbee, U of Chicago Warren Buffett, billionaire investor Eric Schmidt, Google CEO Paul Volcker, fmr. Federal Reserve Chair
Tort Reform	Theodore Olson, fmr. Bush solicitor general William Barr, fmr. Atty. General	David Cutler, Harvard Cass Sunstein, U of Chicago Laurence Tribe, Harvard Charles Ogletree, Harvard
Labor Unions	Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head Kevin Hassett, AEI	Jason Furman, Brookings Austan Goolsbee, U of Chicago
Infrastructure	Infrastructure Kevin Hassett, AEI Sara Hessenflow Harper, Clark Group James Woolsey, ex CIA director Robert McFarlane, Reagan Admin. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, ex CBO head	Jason Grumet, Bipartisan Policy Center Howard Learner, Enviro Law & Policy Ctr (Chicago) Frank Loy, fmr. Clinton, Carter & Johnson Admin. Jason Furman, Brookings
Technology & Intellectual Property	Michael Powell, fmr. FCC chair Meg Whitman, fmr. eBay CEO Chuck Fish, fmr. Time Warner exec	William Kennard, fmr. FCC Chair Daniel Weitzner, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Appendix 2: Key Advisors’ Extended Biographies

McCain’s Key Advisors

Douglas Holtz-Eakin – As domestic policy director, Holtz-Eakin has a portfolio covering the entire range of economic and domestic policy issues, including immigration. Holtz-Eakin headed the Congressional Budget Office from 2003 to 2005 after serving as chief economist for the Council of Economic Advisers under President Bush. He attributes McCain's professed lack of knowledge about economic policy to the candidate's penchant for self-deprecation. (Source: National Journal)

Kevin Hassett – Hassett was McCain's top economic adviser during his 2000 presidential campaign, but has played a secondary role this year and would be unlikely to take a senior job in a McCain administration. Nevertheless, by all accounts, his stature and tenure with McCain make him a key adviser. Hassett is an expert on tax policy and a forceful supporter of the Bush tax cuts. During an era marked by bitter ideological conflicts over economic policy, Hassett has been able to work with Democrats and progressives. (Source: National Journal)

Carly Fiorina – The former chairwoman and CEO of Hewlett-Packard has become McCain's chief emissary to Big Business. She also chairs ''Victory 2008,'' the Republican National Committee's fundraising arm and is a forceful advocate of loosening immigration restrictions. But her claim to fame – she was probably the most prominent female business executive in American history – ended in failure. (Source: National Journal)

Meg Whitman – Known for her success as a world-class brand-builder, former eBay CEO Whitman is now selling the McCain brand as a national co-chairwoman of the GOP nominee's presidential campaign. Whitman left eBay in March to pursue political and philanthropic activities after a 10-year run during which she transformed the obscure Internet auction site into an online powerhouse. (Source: National Journal)

Sara Hessenflow Harper – After four years on Capitol Hill, Harper took a job with the Environmental Defense Fund as a national security and climate policy analyst. Last July, she became a senior associate with the Clark Group, a Washington-based environmental consulting firm. Early this year, Harper, 35, also took on the role of coordinator of McCain's climate and energy advisers. (Source: National Journal)

James Woolsey – Woolsey is a Washington insider, military expert and techno-wonk. A self-proclaimed ''Scoop Jackson Democrat,'' he worked for Presidents Carter, Reagan, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton in the Pentagon or as CIA director. In energy-policy stump speeches, Woolsey eagerly mentions that he drives a hybrid car and that his home is powered in part by solar panels. (Source: National Journal)

Robert McFarlane – McFarlane was national security adviser to President Reagan and currently serves as chairman of Energy and Communications Solutions, an international energy development firm. "It makes no sense for America to be funding both sides in the struggle against radical Islam or to remain vulnerable to the whims of unstable foreign sources of oil," he has said. "McCain understands this and that the means for relieving these anomalies are within our reach." (Source: National Journal)

Dan Crippen – Crippen is a longtime advocate of getting beyond the debate about insurance coverage to focus on the cost of healthcare, especially the cost of managing chronic care. He has also been outspoken about wanting to change the way that medical providers are paid so that they have financial incentives for providing high-quality care. Crippen is no stranger to Washington, although this is his first campaign. (Source: National Journal)

Tom Miller – Miller is a strong advocate for consumer-driven healthcare and for allowing people to buy insurance. His one stint in government service was from 2003 to 2006, when he worked on Social Security legislation and private healthcare markets for the congressional Joint Economic Committee. (Source: National Journal)

Regina Herzlinger – Money magazine dubbed Herzlinger, a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School, the ''godmother'' of consumer-driven healthcare: the need to inform consumers about the cost and quality of medical services to help them make wise choices and buy insurance on their own. That vision has since become a cornerstone of McCain's healthcare plan. This is Herzlinger's first experience as a top campaign adviser. (Source: National Journal)

Theodore Olson – Olson signed on with McCain's campaign shortly after Rudy Giuliani, his first horse (and former Justice Department colleague), dropped out of the presidential race. A former head of President Reagan's Office of Legal Counsel at Justice – the legal brain trust for the executive branch – Olson argued George W. Bush's side in Bush v. Gore, the Florida vote-counting case, before the Supreme Court in 2000. (Source: National Journal)

Peter Wallison – A “deregulation specialist” with the American Enterprise Institute. Wallison has backed deregulation of business and financial markets throughout a career in government and the private sector, says he and McCain have "been for regulation when it's necessary." A former White House counsel to Ronald Reagan, he says McCain favored cracking down on the excesses of mortgage giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac "when the Democrats were opposed to it." (Source: USA Today)

John Taylor – Stanford University professor John Taylor is an author of a globally recognized rule that guides central banks on setting interest rates. In President Bush’s first term, he was an undersecretary for international affairs in the Treasury Department and an advisor to George H.W. Bush. (Source: USA Today)

Obama's Key Advisors

Austan Goolsbee – Those who know Goolsbee, a University of Chicago economist, describe him as a committed centrist. He favors a variety of tax cuts and credits to accomplish Obama's major goals for healthcare, education, housing, and reducing poverty, and he is considered a fairly strong voice against deficit spending. Obama's choice of Goolsbee as his senior economic adviser is unusual because he has never worked in government. (Source: National Journal)

Jeffrey Liebman – Like Goolsbee, Liebman is known as an academic economist with a centrist streak. Unlike Goolsbee, however, he has Washington experience – a stint in 1998 and 1999 as the White House aide coordinating the Clinton administration's Social Security proposals. On the Obama campaign's relatively small policy team, Liebman serves as the resident expert on tax and fiscal policy, as well as on Social Security and other entitlement programs. (Source: National Journal)

Daniel Tarullo – Tarullo teaches law at Georgetown University and is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, a liberal think tank. He joined Obama's advisory team in December 2006 and is the go-to guy on currency, foreign investment, and trade. (Source: National Journal)

David Cutler – A professor of applied economics at Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government, Cutler is no stranger to Washington. Obama's top healthcare adviser served on the Council of Economic Advisers and the National Economic Council during the Clinton administration, and he helped develop the Clintons' failed universal healthcare proposal in the early 1990s. (Source: National Journal)

Jason Grumet – The campaign's official environment and energy policy committee is headed by Grumet, president of the Bipartisan Policy Center, a Washington-based nonprofit established in 2007 by four former Senate majority leaders. He worked with Obama on his collaboration with Sen. Richard Lugar, R-Ind., on strengthening federal fuel-economy standards for cars. (Source: National Journal)

Howard Learner – Among Obama's top environmental advisers, Learner has the longest track record with the Illinois Democrat. Learner joined Obama's successful 1996 campaign for the Illinois state Senate and worked with him on early efforts to require state utilities to generate some of their electricity from renewable resources. He also worked on Obama's U.S. Senate race. (Source: National Journal)

Frank Loy – Loy was an impressive addition to the campaign. The 79-year-old pillar of the environmental community serves on the boards of several national green groups. He held State Department posts during the Clinton, Carter and Johnson administrations and spent 14 years as president of the German Marshall Fund. Loy's public service stint followed a long career in corporate America. (Source: National Journal)

David Blumenthal – Blumenthal worked on healthcare policy for Edward Kennedy during his presidential run in 1980, for Michael Dukakis in 1988 and for John Kerry in 2004. He is director of the Institute for Health Policy at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor of medicine and policy at Harvard. On the Obama campaign, Blumenthal has advocated a strong commitment to funding and adopting health information technology. (Source: National Journal)

Stuart Altman – The Obama campaign came looking for Altman specifically to get the veteran healthcare economist to resurrect a proposal he had drawn up for John Kerry's presidential campaign. Altman's proposal would have the federal government reimburse employers for some catastrophic healthcare costs and would require employers to use that money to reduce workers' premiums. It has become a major selling point of Obama's healthcare plan. (Source: National Journal)

Laurence Tribe – A leading liberal scholar, Tribe is also an active member of an ad hoc group of policy experts who advise Obama on habeas corpus and other constitutional concerns, as well as on increasing Americans' access to the justice system. Tribe told National Journal that he and other legal affairs advisers worked on a set of policy proposals – but that Obama's own ideas were better. (Source: National Journal)

Charles Ogletree – Before coming to Harvard, Ogletree was a District of Columbia public defender, which shaped his professorial focus on civil rights and criminal justice. He wrote a book on school desegregation, and he counseled Anita Hill when she testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee during the confirmation hearings for now-Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas. Ogletree has advised Obama on reforming the criminal-justice system as well on constitutional issues. He is a member of the Obama campaign's black advisory council. (Source: National Journal)

Robert Rubin – Rubin is a senior adviser to Citigroup, a company embroiled in the crisis surrounding subprime mortgages that have been given to high-risk borrowers. In January 2008, he said mortgage-lending problems were “part of a cycle of periodic excess leading to periodic disruption,” not a sign of financial collapse. He preceded Lawrence Summers as Treasury secretary during the Clinton Administration. (Source: USA Today)

Lawrence Summers – Summers followed Rubin as Treasury secretary during the Clinton Administration. Since then, he was president to Harvard University but was ousted for his unpopular management style and comments about women. He still teaches at Harvard. (Source: USA Today)

William Donaldson – Donaldson chaired the Securities and Exchange Commission from 2003-2005 and led the New York Stock Exchange. He is a prominent Republican and advisor to Perella Weinberg Partners, a financial services company. (Source: USA Today)

Laura D’Andrea Tyson – Tyson was President Clinton’s chairwoman of his Council of Economic Advisors. She’s currently a professor at the University of California-Berkeley and is on the board of Morgan Stanley and AT&T. (Source: USA Today)

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